Germany

Alcoholic Drinks

Alcoholic Drinks

Alcoholic drinks are the aggregation of beer, wine, spirits, cider/perry and RTDs.

Alcoholic Drinks

Beer

An alcoholic drink usually brewed from malt, sugar, hops and water and fermented with yeast. Some beers are made by fermenting a cereal, especially barley, and therefore not flavoured by hops. Alcohol content for beer is varied – anything up to and over 14% ABV (alcohol by volume), although 3.5% to 5% is most common. Beer is the aggregation of lager, dark beer, stout and non/low alcohol beer.

Alcoholic Drinks

Cider/Perry

Cider is made from fermented apple juice while perry is made from fermented pear juice. Both artisanal and industrial cider/perry are included.

Alcoholic Drinks

RTDs

RTD stands for ‘ready-to-drink’. Other terms which may be used for these products are FABs, alcopops and premixes. The RTDs sector is the aggregation of malt-, wine-, spirit- and other types of premixed drinks. These drinks usually have an alcohol content of around 5% but this can reach as high as 10% ABV. Premixes containing a high percentage of alcohol of around 15%+ combined with juice or any other soft drink are included here. RTDs are usually marketed as products to be drunk neat, with ice, or as a cocktail ingredient. Fruit-flavoured, vodka-based spirits with an alcohol content of between 16-21% are classified here. Examples: Alizé, Ursus Roter, Berentzen Fruchtige, Kleiner Feigling.

Alcoholic Drinks

Spirits

This is the aggregation of whisk(e)y, brandy and Cognac, white spirits, rum, tequila, liqueurs and other spirits.

Alcoholic Drinks

Wine

This is the aggregation of still and sparkling light grape wines, fortified wine and vermouth and non-grape wine. In terms of alcohol content, light wine usually falls into the 8-14% ABV bracket while fortified wine ranges from 14-23% ABV. Low and non-alcoholic wine is also included in the data (attributed to each sector as appropriate).

Beauty and Personal Care

Skin Care

This is the aggregation of facial care, body care, hand care and skin care sets/kits.

Beauty and Personal Care

Body Care

This is the aggregation of firming/anti-cellulite products and general-purpose body care.
Eaux de soin products which offer skin hydration/moisturisation are also included here.
Also included are moisturising creams, which have additional soothing properties (for post-shave/epilation) and/or also claim to slow the growth of body hair.
Excluded are foot care products.

Beauty and Personal Care

Facial Care

This is the aggregation of acne treatments, moisturisers and treatments, facial cleansers, toners, face masks, and lip care. Please note that Moisturisers and Treatments is the aggregation of basic moisturisers and anti-agers.

Beauty and Personal Care

Hand Care

Includes all hand moisturisers, both premium and mass market, as well as combination hand and nail products. Includes protective emollients and deep moisturisers formulated to sooth and hydrate very dry or irritated skin, as well as those that prevent, or that are suitable for, eczema-prone or redness-prone skin. Excludes medicated emollients and/or those positioned as treatment for eczema or psoriasis.

Beauty and Personal Care

Skin Care Sets/Kits

Multiple skin care items of the same brand line packaged together in a set and priced at an advantageous price compared to purchasing the items separately. Includes traditional gift sets, multi-step skin care regimens, skin care starter kits (including acne treatment regimen sets/kits) and skin care travel kits (sold through retail outlets). Also includes sets, which comprise of products from multiple categories (e.g. makeup and skin care), as long as the primary product is skin care. Men’s, women’s and unisex versions are included. Excludes: GWP (Gift with Purchase) – consumer does not pay for this (e.g. free product when you purchase a set or a free sample kit).

Consumer Health

Dietary Supplements

It is the aggregation of all dietary supplements: Minerals, fish oils/omega fatty acids, garlic, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, evening primrose oil, Echinacea, St John's Wort, protein supplements, probiotic supplements, eye health supplements, co-enzyme Q10, glucosamine, combination herbal/traditional supplements, non-herbal/traditional supplements, and all other dietary supplements specific to country coverage.

Consumer Health

Paediatric Vitamins and Dietary Supplements

All vitamin and dietary supplement products formulated, designed, marketed and labelled specifically for children.

Consumer Health

Tonics

Include versions of combination dietary supplements that are sold in the format of liquid concentrates, mini-drinks, shots or oral gels. Include concentrated energy shot boosters and tonics such as 5-Hour Energy and Lipovitan. Exclude remedies made with active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as super fruit juice concentrates and weight-loss beverages, tracked under the Health and Wellness (HW) system.

Consumer Health

Vitamins

This is the aggregation of multivitamins and single vitamins.

Health and Wellness

Health and Wellness by Type

Health and Wellness by Type is the aggregation of all health and wellness food and beverages broken down by organic, fortified/functional, naturally healthy, better for you and free from products.

Health and Wellness

Better For You (BFY)

Products where the amount of a substance considered to be less healthy (eg fat, sugar, salt, carbohydrates) has been actively reduced during production. To qualify for inclusion in this category, the “less healthy” element of the foodstuff needs to have been actively removed or substituted during the processing. This should also form a key part of the positioning/marketing of the product. Products which are naturally fat/sugar/carbohydrate -free are not included as nothing out of the ordinary has been done during their production to make them “better for you”. “No added sugar” claims are excluded too. Products most likely to be included here will be those which are low-fat/low-sugar versions of standard products (i.e. reduced fat mayonnaise, reduced fat cheese, reduced fat milk, reduced sugar confectionery, etc).

Health and Wellness

Fortified/Functional (FF)

This category includes fortified/functional food and beverages. When identifying fortified/functional products, we focus on products to which health ingredients or/and nutrients have been added as well as brands that are positioned to deliver a certain functionality. To be included here the enhancement must be highlighted in the label or hold a health claim/nutritional claim. Fortified/functional food and beverages provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value and/or the level of added ingredients wouldn’t normally be found in that product. To merit inclusion in this category, the defining criterion here is that the product must have been actively fortified/enhanced during production. As such, inherently healthy products such as 100% fruit/vegetable juices are only included under "fortified/functional" if additional health ingredients (e.g. calcium, omega 3) have been added. To be included, the health benefit needs to form part of positioning/marketing of the product. For product category definitions please refer to the definitions section (can be found under the "Help" section on Passport) for the respective system: Packaged Food, Hot Drinks, Soft Drinks.

Health and Wellness

Free From

This category includes free from gluten, free from lactose, free from allergens, free from dairy and free from meat products. This excludes foods which are certified ‘free’ of a specific product when this is based on use of sterilised equipment.

Health and Wellness

Naturally Healthy (NH)

This category includes food and beverages based on naturally containing a substance that improves health and wellbeing beyond the product’s pure calorific value. These products are usually a healthier alternative within a certain sector/subsector. High fibre food (wholegrain/wholemeal/brown), soy products, sour milk drinks, nuts, seeds and trail mixes, honey, fruit and nut bars and olive oil are considered NH foods and 100% fruit/vegetable juice, superfruit juice, natural mineral water, spring water, RTD green tea etc. are considered NH beverages. While many of these products are marketed on a health basis, this might not always be the case. Naturally healthy food and beverages that are additionally fortified fall into the 'fortified/functional' category.

Health and Wellness

Organic

Certified organic products are those which have been produced, stored, processed, handled and marketed in accordance with precise technical specifications (standards) and certified as "organic" by a certification body such as the Soil Association in the UK, the European Union or the US Department of Agriculture. It is important to note that an organic label applies to the production process, ensuring that the product has been produced and processed in an ecologically sound manner. The organic label is therefore a production process claim as opposed to a product quality claim. Note: For organic products to be included, the organic aspect needs to form a significant part of the overall positioning/marketing of the product, including the organic certification label in the packaging.

Pet Care

Dog and Cat Food

This is the aggregation of dog and cat food.

Pet Care

Cat Food

This is the aggregation of wet and dry cat food.

Pet Care

Cat Treats and Mixers

This is the aggregation of mixers and treats for cats.

Pet Care

Dry Cat Food

These products have a moisture content of 10-14% and are generally packed into paper, plastic or cardboard. Dry cat food is typically made from a combination of grain-based ingredients (corn and rice) and a meat component. It is typically produced by extrusion cooking under high heat and pressure and then sprayed with fat to increase palatability. Other ingredients may also be added to complete its composition. This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy dry cat food. Note: semi-moist food is included here. These products are extruded (combining meat and cereal), have a higher moisture content (20-40%) and are usually packaged in plastic or foil sachets.

Pet Care

Wet Cat Food

These products have a moisture content of 60-85% and are generally (though not always) preserved by heat treatment. They are packaged in steel or aluminium cans, rigid or flexible plastic or semi-rigid aluminium trays. This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy wet cat food.

Pet Care

Dog Food

This is the aggregation of wet and dry dog food.

Pet Care

Dog Treats and Mixers

This is the aggregation of mixers and treats for dogs.

Pet Care

Dry Dog Food

These products generally have a moisture content of 6-14% and are generally packed into paper, plastic or cardboard. Complete dry dog foods fall into two broad categories: Flaked (or 'Muesli' type blended products) and Extruded products (meat and cereals cooked by direct steaming). This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy dry dog food. Note: semi-moist food is included here. These products are extruded (combining meat and cereal) have a higher moisture content (20-40%) and are usually packaged in plastic or foil sachets.

Pet Care

Wet Dog Food

These products have a moisture content of 60-85% and are generally (though not always) preserved by heat treatment. They are packaged in steel or aluminium cans, rigid or flexible plastic or semi-rigid aluminium trays. This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy wet dog food.

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Store-Based Retailing

Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.

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Grocery Retailers

Retailers selling predominantly food/beverages/tobacco and other everyday groceries. This is the aggregation of hypermarkets, supermarkets, discounters, convenience stores, independent small grocers, forecourt retailers, food/drink/tobacco specialists and other grocery retailers.

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Convenience Stores

Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.

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Discounters

Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.

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Forecourt Retailers

Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (readymade sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.

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Hypermarkets

Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.

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Supermarkets

Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.

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Food/drink/tobacco specialists

Retail outlets specialising in the sale of mainly one category of food, drinks store and tobacconists. Includes bakers (bread and flour confectionery), butchers (meat and meat products), fishmongers (fish and seafood), greengrocers (fruit and vegetables), drinks stores (alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks), tobacconists (tobacco products and smokers’ accessories), cheesemongers, chocolatiers and other single food categories. Alcoholic drinks stores are retail outlets with a primary focus on selling beer/wine/spirits/other alcoholic beverages. Example brands include: Threshers, Gall & Gall, Liquorland, Watson’s Wine Cellar

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Independent Small Grocers

Retail outlets selling a wide range of predominantly grocery products. These outlets are usually not chained and if chained will have fewer than 10 retail outlets. Mainly family owned, often referred to as Mom and Pop stores.

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Other Grocery Retailers

Other retailers selling predominantly food, beverages and tobacco or a combination of these. Includes kiosks, markets selling predominantly groceries. Includes CTNs and health food stores, Food & drink souvenir stores and regional speciality stores. Direct home delivery, eg of milk, meat from farm/dairy is excluded. Sari-Sari stores in Philippines and Warung (Waroon) in Indonesia, that can either be markets or kiosks, are included in Other grocery retailers unless they occupy a separate permanent outlet building, in which case they are included in Independent small grocers. Outlets located within wet markets, particularly in South East Asia (often located in government-owned multi-story buildings) should be counted as separate outlets. Wine sales from Vineyards are included here.

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Non-Grocery Specialists

Retail outlets selling predominantly non-grocery consumer goods. Non-grocery retailers is the aggregation of: • Apparel and footwear specialist retailers • Electronics and appliance specialist retailers • Health & beauty specialist retailers • Home and garden specialist retailers • Leisure and personal goods specialist retailers • Other non-grocery retailers

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Drugstores/parapharmacies

Retail outlets selling mainly OTC healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, disposable paper products, household care products and other general merchandise. Such outlets may also offer prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist. Drugstores in Spain (Droguerias) also sell household cleaning agents, paint, DIY products and sometimes pet products and services such as photo processing. Example brands include Rossmann (Germany), Kruidvat (Netherlands), Walgreen’s (US), CVS (US), Medicine Shoppe (US), Matsumoto Kiyoshi (Japan), HAC Kimisawa (Japan).

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Mixed Retailers

This is the aggregation of department stores, variety stores, mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs.

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Department Stores

Outlets selling mainly non-grocery merchandise and at least five lines in different departments, usually with a sales area of over 2,500 sq metres. They are usually arranged over several floors. Example brands include Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Marks & Spencer, Harrods, Sears, JC Penney, Takashimaya, Mitsukoshi, Daimaru, Karstadt, Rinascente.

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Mass Merchandisers

Mixed retail outlets that usually: (1) convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover outlet selling a variety of merchandise for less than conventional prices; (2) provide centralised check-out service; and (3) provide minimal customer assistance within each department. Example brands include Wal-Mart, Target and Kmart. Excludes hypermarkets and warehouse clubs/cash and carry stores.

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Variety Stores

Non-grocery general merchandise outlets usually located on one floor, offering a wide assortment of extensively discounted fast-moving consumer goods on a self-service basis. Normally over 1,500 sq. metres in size, except in the case of dollar stores, these outlets give priority to fast-moving non-grocery items that have long shelf-lives. Includes catalogue showrooms and dollar stores. Example brands include Woolworth (Germany), Upim (Italy).

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Warehouse Clubs

Warehouse Clubs are chained outlets that sell a wide variety of merchandise but do have a strong mix of both grocery and non-grocery products. Customers have to pay an annual membership fee in order to shop. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores and attempt to drive volume sales through aggressive pricing techniques. Warehouse Clubs typically: - exceed 2,500 sq. metres of selling space and are invariably -over 4,000 sq. metres in size; - convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover retailing at less than conventional prices; - provide minimal customer assistance within each department; and - are situated in out-of-town locations. Example brands include: - Costco - Sam’s Club (Wal-Mart) - PriceSmart - Cost-U-Less

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Non-Store Retailing

The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.

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Direct Selling

Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).

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Homeshopping

Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.

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E-Commerce

Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.

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Vending

Vending means automatic retailing. It covers the sale of products and services at an unattended point of sale through a machine operated by introducing coins, bank notes, payment cards, tokens or other means of cashless payment. Coverage includes vending systems installed in public and semi-captive environments only. Hotels, transport networks, recreational centres, shopping centres/malls are included. Factories, offices, hospitals, prisons, schools and other captive environments are excluded.

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Store-Based Retailing

Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.

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Grocery Retailers

Retailers selling predominantly food/beverages/tobacco and other everyday groceries. This is the aggregation of hypermarkets, supermarkets, discounters, convenience stores, independent small grocers, forecourt retailers, food/drink/tobacco specialists and other grocery retailers.

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Modern Grocery Retailers

Modern grocery retailing is the aggregation of those grocery channels that have emerged alongside the growth of chained retail: Hypermarkets, Supermarkets, Discounters, Forecourt Retailers and Convenience Stores.

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Convenience Stores

Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.

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Discounters

Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.

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Forecourt Retailers

Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (ready-made sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.

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Hypermarkets

Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.

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Supermarkets

Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.

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Traditional Grocery Retailers

Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of those channels that are invariably non-chained and are, therefore, owned by families and/or run on an individual basis. Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of three channels: Independent Small Grocers, Food/Drink/Tobacco Specialists and Other Grocery Retailers.

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Non-Grocery Specialists

Retail outlets selling predominantly non-grocery consumer goods. Non-grocery retailers is the aggregation of: • Apparel and footwear specialist retailers • Electronics and appliance specialist retailers • Health & beauty specialist retailers • Home and garden specialist retailers • Leisure and personal goods specialist retailers • Other non-grocery retailers

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Apparel and Footwear Specialist Retailers

Outlets specialising in the sale of all types of apparel, footwear and fashion accessories including costume jewellery, belts, handbags, hats, scarves or a combination of these (for example stores selling handbags only are included). This includes those stores that carry a combination of all products for either men or women or children and those that may specialise by either gender, age or product. Example brands include Gap, H&M, Zara, C&A, Miss Selfridge, Foot Locker, Uniglo, Next, Matalan. Brands that offer sports apparel and sports goods are excluded from Apparel and footwear specialist retailers and are included in Sports goods stores.

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Electronics and Appliance Specialist Retailers

Retail outlets specialising in the sale of large or small domestic electrical appliances, consumer electronic equipment (including mobile phones), computers or a combination of these. For mobile phone retailers, this excludes revenues derived from telecoms service plans and top-up cards, etc. Example brands include Apple, Best Buy, Euronics, PC World, Darty, But, Media Markt, Yamada Denki, Gome (China).

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Health and Beauty Specialist Retailers

This is the aggregation of chemists/pharmacies, drugstores/parapharmacies, beauty specialist retailers, optical goods stores and other healthcare specialist retailers.

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Beauty Specialist Retailers

Beauty specialist retailers are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling fragrances, other cosmetics and toiletries, beauty accessories or a combination of these. Examples of Beauty specialist retailer brands include: Body Shop, Marionnaud, Sephora and Bath and Body Works.

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Chemists/Pharmacies

Retail outlets selling prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist and as its core activity (other activities include sales of OTC healthcare and cosmetics and toiletries products).

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Drugstores/parapharmacies

Retail outlets selling mainly OTC healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, disposable paper products, household care products and other general merchandise. Such outlets may also offer prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist. Drugstores in Spain (Droguerias) also sell household cleaning agents, paint, DIY products and sometimes pet products and services such as photo processing. Example brands include Rossmann (Germany), Kruidvat (Netherlands), Walgreen’s (US), CVS (US), Medicine Shoppe (US), Matsumoto Kiyoshi (Japan), HAC Kimisawa (Japan).

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Home and Garden Specialist Retailers

This is the aggregation of homewares and home furnishing stores and home improvement and gardening stores. Business-to-business sales are excluded. Home improvement and gardening stores are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling one or more of the following categories: Home improvement materials and hardware, Paints, coatings and wall coverings, Kitchen and bathroom, fixtures and fittings, Gardening equipment, House/Garden plants. Home improvement and gardening stores includes Home improvement centres / DIY stores, Hardware stores (Ironmongers), Garden centres, Kitchen and bathroom showrooms, Tile specialists, Flooring specialists. Homewares and Home Furnishing stores are retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.

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Homewares and Home Furnishing Stores

Retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.

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Other Non-Grocery Specialists

Other non-grocery retailers are chained or independent retail outlets, kiosks, market stalls or street vendors and with a primary focus on selling non-food merchandise. Other non-grocery retailers include Charity shops, Second-hand shops and Market stalls.

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Outdoor Markets

Includes bazaars, kiosks, street vendors and beach vendors.

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Mixed Retailers

This is the aggregation of department stores, variety stores, mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs.

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Department Stores

Outlets selling mainly non-grocery merchandise and at least five lines in different departments, usually with a sales area of over 2,500 sq metres. They are usually arranged over several floors. Example brands include Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Marks & Spencer, Harrods, Sears, JC Penney, Takashimaya, Mitsukoshi, Daimaru, Karstadt, Rinascente.

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Mass Merchandisers

Mixed retail outlets that usually: (1) convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover outlet selling a variety of merchandise for less than conventional prices; (2) provide centralised check-out service; and (3) provide minimal customer assistance within each department. Example brands include Wal-Mart, Target and Kmart. Excludes hypermarkets and warehouse clubs/cash and carry stores.

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Variety Stores

Non-grocery general merchandise outlets usually located on one floor, offering a wide assortment of extensively discounted fast-moving consumer goods on a self-service basis. Normally over 1,500 sq. metres in size, except in the case of dollar stores, these outlets give priority to fast-moving non-grocery items that have long shelf-lives. Includes catalogue showrooms and dollar stores. Example brands include Woolworth (Germany), Upim (Italy).

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Warehouse Clubs

Warehouse Clubs are chained outlets that sell a wide variety of merchandise but do have a strong mix of both grocery and non-grocery products. Customers have to pay an annual membership fee in order to shop. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores and attempt to drive volume sales through aggressive pricing techniques. Warehouse Clubs typically: - exceed 2,500 sq. metres of selling space and are invariably -over 4,000 sq. metres in size; - convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover retailing at less than conventional prices; - provide minimal customer assistance within each department; and - are situated in out-of-town locations. Example brands include: - Costco - Sam’s Club (Wal-Mart) - PriceSmart - Cost-U-Less

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Non-Store Retailing

The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.

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Direct Selling

Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).

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Homeshopping

Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.

Retail in Beauty and Personal Care

E-Commerce

Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.

Retail in Beauty and Personal Care

Vending

Vending means automatic retailing. It covers the sale of products and services at an unattended point of sale through a machine operated by introducing coins, bank notes, payment cards, tokens or other means of cashless payment. Coverage includes vending systems installed in public and semi-captive environments only. Hotels, transport networks, recreational centres, shopping centres/malls are included. Factories, offices, hospitals, prisons, schools and other captive environments are excluded.

Retail in Beauty and Personal Care

Hair Salons

Hair salons
This includes hair dressing salons as well as barbers. Included are only hair care products sold to the consumer at the hairdresser. Products used by hairdressers (‘back bar sales’) in the salon are excluded.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Store-Based Retailing

Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Convenience Stores

Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Discounters

Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Forecourt Retailers

Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (ready made sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Hypermarkets

Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Supermarkets

Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Independent Small Grocers

Retail outlets selling a wide range of predominantly grocery products. These outlets are usually not chained and if chained will have fewer than 10 retail outlets. Mainly family owned, often referred to as Mom and Pop stores.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Other Grocery Retailers

Other retailers selling predominantly food, beverages and tobacco or a combination of these. Includes kiosks, markets selling predominantly groceries. Includes CTNs and health food stores, Food & drink souvenir stores and regional speciality stores. Direct home delivery, e.g. of milk, meat from farm/dairy is excluded. Sari-Sari stores in Philippines and Warung (Waroon) in Indonesia, that can either be markets or kiosks, are included in Other grocery retailers unless they occupy a separate permanent outlet building, in which case they are included in Independent small grocers. Outlets located within wet markets, particularly in South East Asia (often located in government-owned multi-story buildings) should be counted as separate outlets. Wine sales from Vineyards are included here.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Non-Store Retailing

The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Vending

Vending means automatic retailing. It covers the sale of products and services at an unattended point of sale through a machine operated by introducing coins, bank notes, payment cards, tokens or other means of cashless payment. Coverage includes vending systems installed in public and semi-captive environments only. Hotels, transport networks, recreational centres, shopping centres/malls are included. Factories, offices, hospitals, prisons, schools and other captive environments are excluded.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Homeshopping

Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.

Retail in Health and Wellness

E-Commerce

Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.

Retail in Health and Wellness

Direct Selling

Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).

Retail in Pet Care

Store-Based Retailing

Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.

Retail in Pet Care

Grocery Retailers

Retailers selling predominantly food/beverages/tobacco and other everyday groceries. This is the aggregation of hypermarkets, supermarkets, discounters, convenience stores, independent small grocers, forecourt retailers, food/drink/tobacco specialists and other grocery retailers.

Retail in Pet Care

Modern Grocery Retailers

Modern grocery retailing is the aggregation of those grocery channels that have emerged alongside the growth of chained retail: Hypermarkets, Supermarkets, Discounters, Forecourt Retailers and Convenience Stores.

Retail in Pet Care

Convenience Stores

Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.

Retail in Pet Care

Discounters

Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.

Retail in Pet Care

Forecourt Retailers

Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (ready made sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.

Retail in Pet Care

Hypermarkets

Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.

Retail in Pet Care

Supermarkets

Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.

Retail in Pet Care

Traditional Grocery Retailers

Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of those channels that are invariably non-chained and are, therefore, owned by families and/or run on an individual basis. Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of three channels: Independent Small Grocers, Food/Drink/Tobacco Specialists and Other Grocery Retailers.

Retail in Pet Care

Mixed Retailers

This is the aggregation of department stores, variety stores, mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs.

Retail in Pet Care

Department Stores

Outlets selling mainly non-grocery merchandise and at least five lines in different departments, usually with a sales area of over 2,500 sq. metres. They are usually arranged over several floors. Example brands include Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Marks & Spencer, Harrods, Sears, JC Penney, Takashimaya, Mitsukoshi, Daimaru, Karstadt, Rinascente.

Retail in Pet Care

Mass Merchandisers

Mixed retail outlets that usually: (1) convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover outlet selling a variety of merchandise for less than conventional prices; (2) provide centralised check-out service; and (3) provide minimal customer assistance within each department. Example brands include Wal-Mart, Target and Kmart. Excludes hypermarkets and warehouse clubs/cash and carry stores.

Retail in Pet Care

Variety Stores

Non-grocery general merchandise outlets usually located on one floor, offering a wide assortment of extensively discounted fast-moving consumer goods on a self-service basis. Normally over 1,500 sq. metres in size, except in the case of dollar stores, these outlets give priority to fast-moving non-grocery items that have long shelf-lives. Includes catalogue showrooms and dollar stores. Example brands include Woolworth (Germany), Upim (Italy).

Retail in Pet Care

Warehouse Clubs

Warehouse Clubs are chained outlets that sell a wide variety of merchandise, but do have a strong mix of both grocery and non-grocery products. Customers have to pay an annual membership fee in order to shop. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores and attempt to drive volume sales through aggressive pricing techniques. Warehouse Clubs typically: - exceed 2,500 sq. metres of selling space and are invariably -over 4,000 sq. metres in size; - convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover retailing at less than conventional prices; - provide minimal customer assistance within each department; and - are situated in out-of-town locations. Example brands include: - Costco - Sam’s Club (Wal-Mart) - PriceSmart - Cost-U-Less

Retail in Pet Care

Non-Grocery Specialists

Retail outlets selling predominantly non-grocery consumer goods. Non-grocery retailers is the aggregation of: • Apparel and footwear specialist retailers • Electronics and appliance specialist retailers • Health & beauty specialist retailers • Home and garden specialist retailers • Leisure and personal goods specialist retailers • Other non-grocery retailers

Retail in Pet Care

Pet superstores

Specialist outlets selling pet food, pet care and pets, sometimes also diversifying into on-site clinics, grooming services etc. These outlets are typically located in shopping parks or out-of-town sites. Superstore selling area will usually be in excess of 10,000 square feet. They tend to sell a very extensive product range, from premium to economy with an emphasis on products in bulk. Examples include PetSmart, PetCo, Fressnapf, Pets At Home, Jumper, Zoomart, Cool Baby, Cobasi, etc.

Retail in Pet Care

Pet shops

Specialist outlets selling pet food, pet care and pets. These outlets are usually located on the high street. Can be chained or independent. Sell mostly premium and premium products.

Retail in Pet Care

Health and Beauty Specialist Retailers

This is the aggregation of chemists/pharmacies, drugstores/parapharmacies, beauty specialist retailers, optical goods stores and other healthcare specialist retailers.

Retail in Pet Care

Beauty Specialist Retailers

Beauty specialist retailers are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling fragrances, other cosmetics and toiletries, beauty accessories or a combination of these. Examples of Beauty specialist retailer brands include: Body Shop, Marionnaud, Sephora and Bath and Body Works.

Retail in Pet Care

Chemists/Pharmacies

Retail outlets selling prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist and as its core activity (other activities include sales of OTC healthcare and cosmetics and toiletries products).

Retail in Pet Care

Drugstores/parapharmacies

Retail outlets selling mainly OTC healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, disposable paper products, household care products and other general merchandise. Such outlets may also offer prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist. Drugstores in Spain (Droguerias) also sell household cleaning agents, paint, DIY products and sometimes pet products and services such as photo processing. Example brands include Rossmann (Germany), Kruidvat (Netherlands), Walgreen’s (US), CVS (US), Medicine Shoppe (US), Matsumoto Kiyoshi (Japan), HAC Kimisawa (Japan).

Retail in Pet Care

Home and Garden Specialist Retailers

This is the aggregation of homewares and home furnishing stores and home improvement and gardening stores. Business-to-business sales are excluded. Home improvement and gardening stores are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling one or more of the following categories: Home improvement materials and hardware, Paints, coatings and wall coverings, Kitchen and bathroom, fixtures and fittings, Gardening equipment, House/Garden plants. Home improvement and gardening stores includes Home improvement centres / DIY stores, Hardware stores (Ironmongers), Garden centres, Kitchen and bathroom showrooms, Tile specialists, Flooring specialists. Homewares and Home Furnishing stores are retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.

Retail in Pet Care

Home Improvement and Gardening Stores

Home improvement and gardening stores are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling one or more of the following categories: Home improvement materials and hardware, Paints, coatings and wall coverings, Kitchen and bathroom, fixtures and fittings, Gardening equipment, House/Garden plants. Home improvement and gardening stores includes Home improvement centres / DIY stores, Hardware stores (Ironmongers), Garden centres, Kitchen and bathroom showrooms, Tile specialists, Flooring specialists.

Retail in Pet Care

Homewares and Home Furnishing Stores

Retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.

Retail in Pet Care

Non-Store Retailing

The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.

Retail in Pet Care

Direct Selling

Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).

Retail in Pet Care

Homeshopping

Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.

Retail in Pet Care

E-Commerce

Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.

Retail in Pet Care

Veterinary clinics

Establishments where owners take their pets for medical treatment given by qualified practitioners (single or group practice). Vets/clinics may or may not sell pet food depending on national legislation or personal choice. Almost always sell premium products only.

RSP

Retail selling price

Sales at end price to the consumer, including retailer and wholesaler mark-ups and sales tax (except in the US and Canada) and excise taxes

Y-O-Y

Year on year

Annual changes in data

CAGR

Compound annual growth rate

Annual average growth, expressed in percentage terms, for either the historic or forecast period

FCAGR

Forecast compound annual growth rate

Annual average growth, expressed in percentage terms, for either the forecast period

HCAGR

Historic compound annual growth rate

Annual average growth, expressed in percentage terms, for either the historic period

LBN

Local Brand name

Local Brand Name (LBN) is the term used to refer to a brand's name at a country level – this may or may not extend to variant level depending on the level of detail available from the research source

BFY

Better for you

Products where the amount of a substance considered to be less healthy (eg fat, sugar, salt, carbohydrates) has been actively reduced during production. To qualify for inclusion in this category, the “less healthy” element of the foodstuff needs to have been actively removed or substituted during the processing. This should also form a key part of the positioning/marketing of the product. Products which are naturally fat/sugar/carbohydrate -free are not included as nothing out of the ordinary has been done during their production to make them “better for you”. “No added sugar” claims are excluded too. Products most likely to be included here will be those which are low-fat/low-sugar versions of standard products (eg reduced fat mayonnaise, reduced fat cheese, reduced fat milk, reduced sugar confectionery, etc).

FF

Fortified/Functional

This category includes fortified/functional food and beverages. When identifying fortified/functional products, we focus on products to which health ingredients or/and nutrients have been added as well as brands that are positioned to deliver a certain functionality. To be included here the enhancement has to be highlighted in the label or hold a health claim/nutritional claim. Fortified/functional food and beverages provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value and/or the level of added ingredients wouldn’t normally be found in that product. To merit inclusion in this category, the defining criterion here is that the product must have been actively fortified/enhanced during production. As such, inherently healthy products such as 100% fruit/vegetable juices are only included under "fortified/functional" if additional health ingredients (e.g. calcium, omega-3) have been added. To be included, the health benefit needs to form part of positioning/marketing of the product.

NH

Naturally Healthy

This category includes food and beverages on the basis of naturally containing a substance that improves health and wellbeing beyond the product’s pure calorific value. These products are usually a healthier alternative within a certain sector/subsector. High fibre food (wholegrain/wholemeal/brown), soy products, sour milk drinks, nuts, seeds and trail mixes, honey, fruit and nut bars and olive oil are considered NH foods and 100% fruit/vegetable juice, superfruit juice, natural mineral water, spring water, RTD green tea etc. are considerd NH beverages. While many of these products are marketed on a health basis, this might not always be the case. Naturally healthy food and beverages that are additionally fortified fall into the 'fortified/functional' category.

HW

Health and wellness

Health and wellness is the aggregation of organic food and beverages, fortified/functional food and beverages, naturally healthy food and beverages, better for you food and beverages and food intolerance products.

Note 1

Forecasts for many passport industries are based on statistical macro and industry demand modelling combined with intuitive local market observations that leverage the expertise of our global analyst network.

Euromonitor reviews and re-evaluates all its core subject markets every year. This involves reconsidering both historic and forecast data sets.

Note 2

To arrive at the value market sizes (USD) for different industries and their respective categories and sub-categories, we have considered "Historic - Current/Forecast - Constant prices and fixed exchange rate "