China

Country Overview

With 1.44 billion inhabitants, China is the world’s most populous nation and one of its fastest-growing economies.

China’s economic growth is consumer led. At the forefront of this consumption are high-income, digitally obsessed, younger consumers who are boosting the retail market.

There are opportunities to meet demand from China’s growing middle class for high-quality products that focus on lifestyle, experience and convenience.

Trade agreements

New Zealand was the first developed country to negotiate a free trade agreement with China. The New Zealand-China Free Trade Agreement came into force in 2008, making over 97% of New Zealand exports to China tariff-free.

Since then, annual two-way trade has more than tripled and China is now our largest trading partner in goods.

Upgrades to the agreement in November 2019 included new chapters on e-commerce, government procurement, environment and competition policy. This will further reduce export barriers (such as compliance costs) and boost trade.

Country intelligence

The Robinson Country Intelligence Index is a holistic measurement of country-level risk and serves as an alternative measure of country development. It incorporates four broad dimensions of Governance, Economics, Operations and Society. A higher ranking indicates a better Country Intelligence Index score.

Value of New Zealand exports

International logistics performance

The International Logistics Performance Index measures how efficiently countries move goods across and within borders. Countries are ranked on their index score with a higher ranking indicating higher performance of trade logistics based on six components: customs, infrastructure, ease of international shipments, logistics services quality and competence, tracking and tracing, and timeliness.

Income and distribution of wealth

Global National Income (GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a country's final income in a year, divided by its population.

Annual Disposable Income refers to gross income minus social security contributions and income taxes. Each income band presents data referring to the percentage of households with a disposable income over that amount.

Further information

For more information to validate China as an export market, see our China Market Guide.

Market Size

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Vitamins & Dietary Supplements
Skin Care
Dog & Cat Food
Alcoholic Drinks
Health & Wellness Packaged Food & Beverages

Vitamins & Dietary Supplements

Market size and growth

Note: Data on the top left corner of the image (2,34 and 41) showcases respective ranks for China for its market sizes, per capita, and forecast growth rate compared against 99 countries globally. The blue line on the grey bar represents the relative position of the country as per their rank.

Note: Latest market size data for the year 2021 has been shared for Vitamins & Dietary Supplements

In China, retail value sales of vitamins and dietary supplements witnessed a historic compound annual growth (CAGR) of 6.6% during 2016-2021. It is further expected to slow down to a retail value CAGR of 3.4% over 2021-2026. The expected slow down is mainly in line with the global performance of the category, where it witnessed a historic CAGR of 5.1% and an estimated slow down for the forecast CAGR (2.4%) over the same period for its retail value sales.

Sub-category breakdown

Note: Current year growth in the above chart refers to the period 2021-22

Category	Unit	Market size (2021) Retail value RSP	Forecast compound annual growth rate (2021/2026) %
Vitamins and Dietary Supplements	USD million	28,740.97	3.39
Vitamins	USD million	4,451.47	2.19
Paediatric Vitamins and Dietary Supplements	USD million	2,690.51	8.93
Dietary Supplements	USD million	18,577.89	3.49
Tonics	USD million	3,021.09	-1.40

Channel distribution

Note: The chart here showcases the retail value share of different channel sales for Vitamins and dietary supplement products in China in 2021. The triangle/dash represents whether the specific channel share has increased/decreased or remained the same against its share in the previous year

Market Insights

Market trends

The general rise in consumers health consciousness was already boosting awareness about the role of nutrition in overall consumer health even before the outbreak of COVID-19. Consequently, the emergence of the pandemic resulted in a strong rise in demand for dietary supplements that claimed to enhance the working of the immune system, such as ginseng, protein supplements, and probiotics, amongst others. Consumers had the perception that maintaining a healthy intestinal microbiome helped defend the body against COVID-19. This has generated a strong social buzz around probiotics.
Besides taking probiotics as a dietary supplement, Chinese consumers have also sought yoghurt and milk powder with added probiotics, highlighting how the expansion of the functional packaged food segment provides competition for dietary supplements.
Also, soon after the outbreak of COVID-19 in China, Vitamin C witnessed a boost in sales (year on year growth of 11.8% over 2019-2020 for retail value sales), as consumers looked to boost their immunity in the face of the virus. On 22^nd January 2020, the Shanghai Health Committee announced that vitamin C could be used clinically to prevent infection with the virus. This led to increased consumption of vitamin products and vitamin C in particular.

Prospects and growth opportunity

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated direct sellers’ shift to online activity. The 100 Days of Action implemented by the Chinese Government in 2019 has had a significant impact on the direct selling industry in China, with an unprecedentedly stringent surveillance system established. In 2020, direct-selling companies continued to witness strict market surveillance, primarily in terms of the prohibition of false claims and the conduct of multi-layer schemes. As a result, leading direct sellers have worked to expand their online activities in order to engage consumers.
Companies like Amway, Infinitus, and Perfect have launched e-stores on WeChat, for example. Conditions under the COVID-19 lockdown have enhanced the competitive advantages of e-commerce, which has enabled consumers to shop from home and remove the risk of viral transmission through social contact. This has strengthened direct sellers’ commitment to digitalisation.
Another opportunity could be seen for prenatal multivitamins, which have witnessed increased demand in the Chinese market bolstered by rising purchasing power and increasing health awareness and further encouraged by the government repealing the one-child policy. Consumers in high-tier cities tend to prefer products from international brands, such as Elevit, while domestic brand, Scrianen, is preferred in lower-tier cities. It is worthy of note that many international brands, such as Nestlé’s Materna, have tapped into demand in the Chinese market through cross-border e-commerce.

General health & wellness trends

The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the trend towards increased health consciousness, particularly concerning adopting preventive health measures and looking to achieve optimal states of wellness, rather than waiting to treat symptoms when they arise. During the pandemic, vitamin products have been central to consumers’ increased interest in developing a holistic, preventive approach. Therefore, further evolution of this broader trend during the forecast period will likely significantly boost demand for the category.
The return to regular social and economic activity would witness the revival of hectic urban lifestyles, with long working hours and busy social lives, which leave little time for regular, balanced meals. As many consumers turn to snacking and on-the-go consumption but, at the same time, becoming more aware of the importance of nutrition, there is potential for dietary supplements to provide a solution to address perceived nutritional deficits, as well as the increased incidence of gastrointestinal problems resulting from stress and reliance on eating out and take-aways.

Skin Care

Market size and growth

Note: Data on the top left corner of the image (1,33 and 2) showcases respective ranks for China for its market sizes, per capita, and forecast growth rate compared against 99 countries globally. The blue line on the grey bar represents the relative position of the country as per their rank

Retail value sales of skin care products in China witnessed an even stronger Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) during 2015-2020 (10.9%) against the category’s performance at a global level (4.7%) during the same period. Over the forecast period (2020-2025), the category is estimated to witness an almost steady CAGR of 10.8% in the country, while at the global level, the category’s CAGR for the same period is estimated to increase up to 5.3%.

Sub-category breakdown

Note: Current year growth in the above chart refers to the period 2019-20

Category	Unit	Market size (2020) Retail value RSP	Forecast compound annual growth rate (2020/2025) %
Skin Care	USD million	39,137.74	10.82
Body Care	USD million	867.84	5.46
Facial Care	USD million	34,334.94	11.33
Hand Care	USD million	945.39	6.11
Skin Care Sets/Kits	USD million	2,989.56	7.48

Channel distribution

Note: The chart here showcases the retail value share of different channel sales for skin care products in China in 2020. The triangle/dash represents whether the specific channel share has increased/decreased or remained the same against its share in the previous year

Market Insights

Market trends

The Chinese economy was severly hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in the first quarter of 2020. Even under the nationwide lockdown in early 2020, skin care category witnessed strong resilience as products enjoyed more stable demand, with hand care sales rising due to increased disinfectant usage, while home seclusion created diverse needs within skin care routines, including demand for facial mask usage in response to self-pampering needs.
Also, ingredients play an increasingly important role in Chinese consumers’ decision while purchasing skin care products. Consumers are keen to learn about active ingredients that address different skin concerns from diverse sources and then use their learnings to purchase specific products. Widely known and used ingredients include vitamin C, amino acid, hyaluronic acid, and others.

Prospects and growth opportunity

As China slowly moves towards the pandemic's recovery phase, wearing masks has now become the new normal. Skin care brands are actively leveraging the concept of “skin immunity” to engage with consumers to prevent potential skin concerns. It is worth noting that dermocosmetic skin care brands could leverage their clinical backgrounds to target consumers with sensitive and irritated skin caused by frequent mask-wearing. Home-grown dermo brand Dr.Yu witnessed benefited significantly in 2020 due to the successful promotion of its natural solution to skin sensitivity.
Digital transformation and enhancing online presence have always been the key strategies for skin care brands. The COVID-19 pandemic proved the importance of a digital strategy as one of the ways to enable brands to survive in response to the offline slump. During the pandemic, skin care brands attempted to engage with consumers through various online marketing tactics and attracted consumers to place orders through e-commerce platforms. Skin care was one of the industries benefiting the most from live streaming, which enabled brands to demonstrate products thoroughly, engage with consumers closely and distribute exclusive coupons.

General health & wellness trends

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, consumers’ interest in healthy living and wellness has surged. This has resulted in an increased demand for health-related products. Consequently, the notion of skin health has evolved into many specific aspects, including but not limited to enhancing skin immunity, improving skin elasticity, and soothing sensitive and irritated skin.
As Chinese consumers’ awareness of healthy living is on the rise, holistic beauty/beauty from within has become an emerging trend in skin care. In the post-COVID-19 era, skin health is expected to become vitally important. It symbolises the wellness of outer appearance and inner health that an increasing number of consumers are pursuing following the global health crisis. For skin care brands, it is also vital to communicate with consumers around the concept of skin health, for example, using more complex language to convey product efficacy such as building a stronger skin barrier, improving the skin microbiome and metabolism, etc.

Dog & Cat Food

Market size and growth

Note: Data on the top left corner of the image (2,45 and 1) showcases respective ranks of China for its market sizes, per capita, and forecast growth rate compared against 53 countries globally. The blue line on the grey bar represents the relative position of the country as per their rank.

Note: Latest market size data for the year 2021 has been shared for Dog and Cat food

Performance of retail value sales of dog and cat food in China is estimated to slow down from a historic Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 27.01% during 2016-2021 to an estimated forecast CAGR of 17.9% over 2021-2026. Globally, the category witnessed a historic CAGR of 6.9% and an estimated forecast CAGR of 4.7% during the same period.

Sub-category breakdown

Note: Current year growth in the above chart refers to period 2020-21

Category	Unit	Market size (2021) Retail value RSP	Forecast compound annual growth rate (2021/2026) %
Dog and Cat Food	USD million	7,774.36	17.99
Dog Food	USD million	3,596.24	10.19
Dog Treats and Mixers	USD million	482.09	16.44
Dry Dog Food	USD million	2,988.98	8.77
Wet Dog Food	USD million	125.16	15.75
Cat Food	USD million	4,178.12	23.37
Wet Cat Food	USD million	1,323.85	24.58
Dry Cat Food	USD million	2,607.22	21.14
Cat treats and mixers	USD million	247.06	36.42

Channel distribution

Note: The chart here showcases the retail value share of different channel sales for dog and cat food products in China in 2021. The triangle/dash represents whether the specific channel share has increased/decreased or remained the same against its share in the previous year

Market Insights

Market trends

COVID-19 has had a negative impact on pet populations and consequently on pet food. Growth had been decelerating even before the pandemic due to strict regulations, and it worsened even more under COVID-19 due to bans in some regions. Recently (1^st May 2021), it was made illegal in the country for dog owners to let their pooch off its leash in public or take their pet outside without proper license. The law was largely aimed at implementing rules that would mitigate the risk of diseases jumping from animals to humans. In addition, the economic downturn caused by the pandemic also made consumers cautious about spending on premium pet food. Premium dog food had gained share before the pandemic but has ever since lost its share to mid-priced offerings.
“High protein” and “genuine meat” have become the main theme for cat food in China. This is because of two primary reasons: first, the concept of “high protein” has been popular among Chinese consumers in recent years. High protein became even more popular under the circumstances of COVID-19 when nutrition experts encouraged consumers to take in enough protein for an immunity boost. The preference for high protein in human food has been transmitted to pet food under the prevailing humanisation trend. Another reason is related to the increasing knowledge about cats in nature. The influx of international brands such as Orijen and Go has played a role of educating the market. Cat owners increasingly realize that cats are carnivores and need animal protein, genuine meat the better to sustain healthy.
The adoption of freeze-dried technology was initiated in 2016 when a few relevant products were provided, mainly by imported brands. However, after five years, freeze-dried pet food is commonly offered by both domestic and international players. The products are primarily combined with regular dry dog food mixed with freeze-dried kibble and priced CNY30-CNY140 per kg, which is affordable to the general public. Pure freeze-dried meat kibble, priced at over CNY400 per kg, is also available, targeting super-premium consumers. The reason for the popularity of freeze-dried kibble is that it is genuine meat, and therefore is highly palatable and nutritious.

Prospects and growth opportunity

Dog food in China has witnessed homogeneity between both international and domestic players. In terms of consumption, consumers are becoming more sophisticated about dog raising and appreciate when additional functionality is provided. All this has created the need for further customisation and segmentation. One segmentation direction is therapeutic dog food, dominated by Royal Canin, which has a comprehensive product portfolio and a strong presence in the veterinary clinics' channel in China.
The share of e-commerce in cat food is the highest among all pet food categories in China because many cat owners are young people who are familiar with purchasing online. Under COVID-19, not only have major e-commerce platforms such as Tmall.com, JD.com, as well as PDD.com, achieved high sales growth, online to offline apps Meituan and Ele.me as well as multifunction chat app WeChat has also benefited. In the future, Meituan and Ele.me are likely to be adopted as a standard practice by physical stores as the habit of purchasing pet food on these apps is expected to continue for many people. As a result, e-commerce is likely to continue to see share expansion over the forecast period to 2025.

General health & wellness trends

Pet care is expected to sustain high growth over the forecast period to 2025, focusing on nutrition and healthcare. COVID-19 has accelerated consumers awareness of nutritional intake, and the influence is expected to continue benefiting high protein diets and functional pet food. Freeze-dried and air-dried products have been resilient during COVID-19, and their further adoption is likely in pet food for nutrition and taste improvement.
Over the forecast period to 2025, more international players that already have therapeutic product lines for dog food products are likely to compete in this area. Domestic players, on the other hand, are more likely to focus on functional food. For example, leading domestic player Shanghai Bridge has launched its herbal line with different functions such as kidney protection, digestive health and immunity boost, by adopting traditional Chinese ingredients lsuch as Poria cocos and plantain seed.

Alcoholic Drinks

Market size and growth

Note: Market size data for the alcoholic drinks category in the country reflects the total volume in million litres. Data on the top left corner of the image (1,58 and 98) showcases respective ranks in China for its market sizes, per capita, and forecast growth rate compared against 99 countries globally. The blue line on the grey bar represents the relative position of the country as per their rank.

The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for alcoholic drinks in China, in terms of total volume, is expected to witness a slow down in the decline rate of CAGR over the forecast period (2020-2025: FCAGR for total volume: -0.5%) against its performance in the historic period (2015-2020: HCAGR for total volume: -2.6%). As for total value, the category is expected to witness an almost steady CAGR in the country over both historic and forecast periods (2015-2020: HCAGR for total value: 3.8%; 2020-2025: FCAGR for total value: 3.1%). At the global level, both in terms of total value and volume, alcoholic drinks is expected to gain momentum over the forecast period (2020-2025: FCAGR for total value: 4.6% and for total volume: 2.0% ) against its performance in the historic period (2015-2020: HCAGR for total value: 0.9% and for total volume: -0.7% )

Sub-category breakdown

Current year growth in the above chart refers to the period 2019-20

Category	Data type	Market size (2020) USD million	Forecast compound annual growth rate (2020/2025) %
Alcoholic Drinks	Total Value RSP	30,0785.09	3.12
Alcoholic Drinks	Off-trade Value RSP	170,964.28	3.26
Alcoholic Drinks	On-trade Value RSP	129,820.80	2.93
Beer	Total Value RSP	88,816.08	4.94
Beer	Off-trade Value RSP	31,186.74	2.92
Beer	On-trade Value RSP	57,629.34	5.97
Cider/Perry	Total Value RSP	6.81	12.53
Cider/Perry	Off-trade Value RSP	5.47	13.20
Cider/Perry	On-trade Value RSP	1.34	9.57
RTDs	Total Value RSP	743.91	13.47
RTDs	Off-trade Value RSP	403.76	14.62
RTDs	On-trade Value RSP	340.16	12.03
Spirits	Total Value RSP	159,312.69	3.72
Spirits	Off-trade Value RSP	120,124.07	4.14
Spirits	On-trade Value RSP	39,188.63	2.41
Wine	Total Value RSP	51,905.58	-2.82
Wine	Off-trade Value RSP	19,244.25	-2.68
Wine	On-trade Value RSP	32,661.34	-2.89

Channel distribution

Note: The chart here showcases the off-trade volume share of different channel sales for alcoholic drink products in China in 2020. The triangle/dash represents whether the specific channel share has increased/decreased or remained the same against its share in the previous year

Market Insights

Market trends

A shift of alcoholic drinks consumption from on-trade to off-trade was observed in some categories, such as cognac, cream-based liqueurs, Japanese whiskies, Scotch whiskies and RTDs. This can be primarily attributed to the popularisation of Western alcohol culture among the younger generation and the rise of e-commerce platforms such as Tmall and JD.com.
Although demand for spirits remained negatively impacted by the pandemic, the localisation of international spirits has not been halted and will continue to be one of the drivers for international spirits’ future growth. For example, a leading international spirits company, Pernod Ricard Groupe, entered consumer food service by opening its first flagship experiential store, Drinks & Co, in Shanghai in mid-2020. Drinks & Co is a part of Pernod Ricard's new strategic deployment into offline retail channels, integrating multiple functions, including retail experience, consumption and interaction into one space, and covering 400 alcoholic drinks from a wide range of categories, such as cognac, whiskies, champagne, grape wine and white spirits.

Prospects and growth opportunity

Spirits are expected to witness an improvement in its performance but will still record a decline in total volume consumption terms in 2021, largely dragged down by the decreasing consumption of Baijiu. This can be attributed to consumers' rising health and wellness awareness, as Baijiu usually has a high alcohol content, typically over 50% ABV (Alcohol by volume). Increasing health awareness highlights alcohol’s potential harm to the health amongst consumers and is seeing them turn away from Baijiu. In addition, the taste and positioning of Baijiu also do not appeal greatly to the younger generation.
Amongst beer, as a relatively new and niche product in China, demand for craft beer recorded a strong growth rate in total volume terms. The promising performance of craft beer can be attributed to efforts by both large beer manufacturers and craft beer manufacturers. For example, starting from 2017, AB InBev showcased its ambition in building its craft beer business in China by acquiring Boxing Cat, a craft beer brewery from Shanghai, establishing craft beer production in Wuhan, Hubei Province, as well as opening up craft beer bars in both Shanghai and Putian, Fujian Province.

General industry trends

The alcoholic drinks market is expected to continue declining in total volume terms in 2021, although this will be at a much slower rate than in 2020 (year on year growth rates: 2019-2020: -8.5%, 2020-2021: -0.03%). This can largely be attributed to consumers embracing a return to normalcy, which will, in turn, lead to a resumption of regulated drinking occasions due to consumers increased health and wellness awareness about the adverse effects of alcohol consumption.

Health & Wellness Packaged Food & Beverages

Market size and growth

Note: Data on the top left corner of the image (2,40 and 18) showcases respective ranks for China for its market sizes, per capita, and forecast growth rate compared against 53 countries globally. The blue line on the grey bar represents the relative position of the country as per their rank.

The retail value sales of health and wellness food and beverage products in China is expected to slow down when comparing the compound annual growth rates from historic to forecast periods, i.e. (5.9% during 2015-2020 to 3.5% during 2020-2025). This was also the case with the category’s performance at the global level, where its compound annual growth rate for retail value sales is estimated to slow down from 4.6% during 2015-2020 to 2.4% during 2020-2025.

Sub-category breakdown

Current year growth in the above chart refers to the period 2019-20

Category	Unit	Market size (2020) Retail value RSP	Forecast compound annual growth rate (2020/2025) %
Health and Wellness by Type	USD million	121,623.07	3.50
Better For You (BFY)	USD million	2,253.71	4.18
Fortified/Functional (FF)	USD million	57,547.21	2.29
Free From	USD million	18,618.76	1.42
Naturally Healthy (NH)	USD million	39,407.90	4.92
Organic	USD million	3,795.48	13.62

Channel distribution

Note: The chart here showcases the retail value share of different channel sales for health and wellness by type products in China in 2020. The triangle/dash represents whether the specific channel share has increased/decreased or remained the same against its share in the previous year

Market Insights

Market trends

Within health and wellness packaged food, only organic packaged food witnessed better retail volume growth in 2020 than in the previous years (year on year growth rate: 2018-2019: -8.2%, 2019-2020: 4.5%). This is because parents have always been cautious of their children’s health, and COVID-19 only exacerbated this, contributing to the dynamic growth of organic baby food, the largest category within organic packaged food, despite strong price rises.
All categories within health and wellness beverages witnessed retail value growth in 2020, and only fortified/functional beverages witnessed a retail volume decline. This was mainly due to the loss of consumption occasions for fortified/functional sports drinks and energy drinks due to the cancellation of sports events and less on-the-go consumption. However, naturally healthy beverages recorded higher retail volume growth in 2020 than in the previous year, mainly because many consumers had stockpiled naturally healthy bottled water at the beginning of the pandemic.

Prospects and growth opportunity

Modern grocery retailers remained the leading distribution channel in health and wellness packaged food and beverages in 2020. Despite the emergence of COVID-19, convenience stores remained one of the most dynamic channels. The network of convenience stores in China is widespread in first- and second-tier cities, where consumers have high health awareness and are willing to spend on these products. In 2020, e-commerce gained the most traction. Online stores typically offer a wide selection of health and wellness products and offered door-to-door delivery services, which was particularly important during the lockdowns.
Although rising from a low base, the organic segment is expected to perform exceptionally well in both packaged food and beverages over the forecast period. Higher-income consumers are increasingly looking for better quality in products they purchase. They tend to believe that higher prices indicate higher quality, and therefore they are increasingly selecting organic products, as these carry higher prices. However, they are choosing them due to the belief that they are of high quality, not necessarily because they are organic.

General health & wellness trends

Health and wellness packaged food and beverages are expected to return to higher rates of retail volume and value growth in 2021 as the impact of COVID-19 fades, with stabilisation expected over the rest of the forecast period. In July 2019, the National Health Commission released the “Healthy China 2019-2030 Initiative”, which sets out the “Three Reduce, Three Health” plan to advocate healthy lifestyles. One of the elements of the plan is to reduce the intake of sugar in both packaged food and beverages.
Although China has not imposed sugar taxes on food and beverage industries, unlike many other markets, the release of the plan was seen as an encouragement for manufacturers to develop reduced sugar and sugar-free products and encourage consumers to choose such products. Consumers, especially those from the younger generation, are expected to seek out health and wellness products and pursue a healthy lifestyle. Manufacturers will also follow the trend and offer more health and wellness options, especially those with lower levels of sugar and natural ingredients.

Retail Landscape

Brand shares of supermarkets

Brand shares of chemists/pharmacies

Retail insights

The pandemic has had a profound impact on consumers’ purchase patterns. There has been an acceleration in the migration from physical stores to e-commerce, as consumers sought convenient and safer shopping formats and circumnavigated physical retailers' closure. While non-essential offline retailers suffered severe losses, e-commerce posted robust sales growth.
In line with the above trend, social media has also been gaining importance as an efficient tool in e-commerce in China. This is mainly driven by the booming mobile generation and the rapid growth in social media usage exacerbated by COVID-19. Social media tools, such as live streaming, private traffic (refers to communications with customers being funneled into a database, where brands can have full control with limited or no costs i.e. WeChat Official accounts, WeChat Work Group) and the use of KOLs (key opinion leaders) and KOCs (key opinion consumers), have been heavily employed by brand owners and retailers to engage with consumers. Live streaming, for example, enjoyed surging popularity before the COVID-19 pandemic but became a new normal for e-commerce in 2020 as a result of social distancing and stay-at-home measures.
Proximity to residential areas is seen as a key factor amongst time-pressed urban Chinese consumers, especially in the wake of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Consumers became more used to shopping close to their neighbourhoods during the crisis. As a result, several large modern grocery operators have adopted a multi-format strategy and opened small-format stores. Freshippo, Yonghui, and Carrefour have come up with several small-format supermarkets close to the community with a greater emphasis on fresh food. Some of these stores also serve as warehouses for e-commerce orders and provide quick home deliveries.

Definitions

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Definitions
Acronyms Used & Key Notes

Definitions

Industry	Category	Definition
Alcoholic Drinks	Alcoholic Drinks	Alcoholic drinks are the aggregation of beer, wine, spirits, cider/perry and RTDs.
Alcoholic Drinks	Beer	An alcoholic drink usually brewed from malt, sugar, hops and water and fermented with yeast. Some beers are made by fermenting a cereal, especially barley, and therefore not flavoured by hops. Alcohol content for beer is varied – anything up to and over 14% ABV (alcohol by volume), although 3.5% to 5% is most common. Beer is the aggregation of lager, dark beer, stout and non/low alcohol beer.
Alcoholic Drinks	Cider/Perry	Cider is made from fermented apple juice while perry is made from fermented pear juice. Both artisanal and industrial cider/perry are included.
Alcoholic Drinks	RTDs	RTD stands for ‘ready-to-drink’. Other terms which may be used for these products are FABs, alcopops and premixes. The RTDs sector is the aggregation of malt-, wine-, spirit- and other types of premixed drinks. These drinks usually have an alcohol content of around 5% but this can reach as high as 10% ABV. Premixes containing a high percentage of alcohol of around 15%+ combined with juice or any other soft drink are included here. RTDs are usually marketed as products to be drunk neat, with ice, or as a cocktail ingredient. Fruit-flavoured, vodka-based spirits with an alcohol content of between 16-21% are classified here. Examples: Alizé, Ursus Roter, Berentzen Fruchtige, Kleiner Feigling.
Alcoholic Drinks	Spirits	This is the aggregation of whisk(e)y, brandy and Cognac, white spirits, rum, tequila, liqueurs and other spirits.
Alcoholic Drinks	Wine	This is the aggregation of still and sparkling light grape wines, fortified wine and vermouth and non-grape wine. In terms of alcohol content, light wine usually falls into the 8-14% ABV bracket while fortified wine ranges from 14-23% ABV. Low and non-alcoholic wine is also included in the data (attributed to each sector as appropriate).
Beauty and Personal Care	Skin Care	This is the aggregation of facial care, body care, hand care and skin care sets/kits.
Beauty and Personal Care	Body Care	This is the aggregation of firming/anti-cellulite products and general-purpose body care. Eaux de soin products which offer skin hydration/moisturisation are also included here. Also included are moisturising creams, which have additional soothing properties (for post-shave/epilation) and/or also claim to slow the growth of body hair. Excluded are foot care products.
Beauty and Personal Care	Facial Care	This is the aggregation of acne treatments, moisturisers and treatments, facial cleansers, toners, face masks, and lip care. Please note that Moisturisers and Treatments is the aggregation of basic moisturisers and anti-agers.
Beauty and Personal Care	Hand Care	Includes all hand moisturisers, both premium and mass market, as well as combination hand and nail products. Includes protective emollients and deep moisturisers formulated to sooth and hydrate very dry or irritated skin, as well as those that prevent, or that are suitable for, eczema-prone or redness-prone skin. Excludes medicated emollients and/or those positioned as treatment for eczema or psoriasis.
Beauty and Personal Care	Skin Care Sets/Kits	Multiple skin care items of the same brand line packaged together in a set and priced at an advantageous price compared to purchasing the items separately. Includes traditional gift sets, multi-step skin care regimens, skin care starter kits (including acne treatment regimen sets/kits) and skin care travel kits (sold through retail outlets). Also includes sets, which comprise of products from multiple categories (e.g. makeup and skin care), as long as the primary product is skin care. Men’s, women’s and unisex versions are included. Excludes: GWP (Gift with Purchase) – consumer does not pay for this (e.g. free product when you purchase a set or a free sample kit).
Consumer Health	Dietary Supplements	It is the aggregation of all dietary supplements: Minerals, fish oils/omega fatty acids, garlic, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, evening primrose oil, Echinacea, St John's Wort, protein supplements, probiotic supplements, eye health supplements, co-enzyme Q10, glucosamine, combination herbal/traditional supplements, non-herbal/traditional supplements, and all other dietary supplements specific to country coverage.
Consumer Health	Paediatric Vitamins and Dietary Supplements	All vitamin and dietary supplement products formulated, designed, marketed and labelled specifically for children.
Consumer Health	Tonics	Include versions of combination dietary supplements that are sold in the format of liquid concentrates, mini-drinks, shots or oral gels. Include concentrated energy shot boosters and tonics such as 5-Hour Energy and Lipovitan. Exclude remedies made with active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as super fruit juice concentrates and weight-loss beverages, tracked under the Health and Wellness (HW) system.
Consumer Health	Vitamins	This is the aggregation of multivitamins and single vitamins.
Health and Wellness	Health and Wellness by Type	Health and Wellness by Type is the aggregation of all health and wellness food and beverages broken down by organic, fortified/functional, naturally healthy, better for you and free from products.
Health and Wellness	Better For You (BFY)	Products where the amount of a substance considered to be less healthy (eg fat, sugar, salt, carbohydrates) has been actively reduced during production. To qualify for inclusion in this category, the “less healthy” element of the foodstuff needs to have been actively removed or substituted during the processing. This should also form a key part of the positioning/marketing of the product. Products which are naturally fat/sugar/carbohydrate -free are not included as nothing out of the ordinary has been done during their production to make them “better for you”. “No added sugar” claims are excluded too. Products most likely to be included here will be those which are low-fat/low-sugar versions of standard products (i.e. reduced fat mayonnaise, reduced fat cheese, reduced fat milk, reduced sugar confectionery, etc).
Health and Wellness	Fortified/Functional (FF)	This category includes fortified/functional food and beverages. When identifying fortified/functional products, we focus on products to which health ingredients or/and nutrients have been added as well as brands that are positioned to deliver a certain functionality. To be included here the enhancement must be highlighted in the label or hold a health claim/nutritional claim. Fortified/functional food and beverages provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value and/or the level of added ingredients wouldn’t normally be found in that product. To merit inclusion in this category, the defining criterion here is that the product must have been actively fortified/enhanced during production. As such, inherently healthy products such as 100% fruit/vegetable juices are only included under "fortified/functional" if additional health ingredients (e.g. calcium, omega 3) have been added. To be included, the health benefit needs to form part of positioning/marketing of the product. For product category definitions please refer to the definitions section (can be found under the "Help" section on Passport) for the respective system: Packaged Food, Hot Drinks, Soft Drinks.
Health and Wellness	Free From	This category includes free from gluten, free from lactose, free from allergens, free from dairy and free from meat products. This excludes foods which are certified ‘free’ of a specific product when this is based on use of sterilised equipment.
Health and Wellness	Naturally Healthy (NH)	This category includes food and beverages based on naturally containing a substance that improves health and wellbeing beyond the product’s pure calorific value. These products are usually a healthier alternative within a certain sector/subsector. High fibre food (wholegrain/wholemeal/brown), soy products, sour milk drinks, nuts, seeds and trail mixes, honey, fruit and nut bars and olive oil are considered NH foods and 100% fruit/vegetable juice, superfruit juice, natural mineral water, spring water, RTD green tea etc. are considered NH beverages. While many of these products are marketed on a health basis, this might not always be the case. Naturally healthy food and beverages that are additionally fortified fall into the 'fortified/functional' category.
Health and Wellness	Organic	Certified organic products are those which have been produced, stored, processed, handled and marketed in accordance with precise technical specifications (standards) and certified as "organic" by a certification body such as the Soil Association in the UK, the European Union or the US Department of Agriculture. It is important to note that an organic label applies to the production process, ensuring that the product has been produced and processed in an ecologically sound manner. The organic label is therefore a production process claim as opposed to a product quality claim. Note: For organic products to be included, the organic aspect needs to form a significant part of the overall positioning/marketing of the product, including the organic certification label in the packaging.
Pet Care	Dog and Cat Food	This is the aggregation of dog and cat food.
Pet Care	Cat Food	This is the aggregation of wet and dry cat food.
Pet Care	Cat Treats and Mixers	This is the aggregation of mixers and treats for cats.
Pet Care	Dry Cat Food	These products have a moisture content of 10-14% and are generally packed into paper, plastic or cardboard. Dry cat food is typically made from a combination of grain-based ingredients (corn and rice) and a meat component. It is typically produced by extrusion cooking under high heat and pressure and then sprayed with fat to increase palatability. Other ingredients may also be added to complete its composition. This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy dry cat food. Note: semi-moist food is included here. These products are extruded (combining meat and cereal), have a higher moisture content (20-40%) and are usually packaged in plastic or foil sachets.
Pet Care	Wet Cat Food	These products have a moisture content of 60-85% and are generally (though not always) preserved by heat treatment. They are packaged in steel or aluminium cans, rigid or flexible plastic or semi-rigid aluminium trays. This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy wet cat food.
Pet Care	Dog Food	This is the aggregation of wet and dry dog food.
Pet Care	Dog Treats and Mixers	This is the aggregation of mixers and treats for dogs.
Pet Care	Dry Dog Food	These products generally have a moisture content of 6-14% and are generally packed into paper, plastic or cardboard. Complete dry dog foods fall into two broad categories: Flaked (or 'Muesli' type blended products) and Extruded products (meat and cereals cooked by direct steaming). This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy dry dog food. Note: semi-moist food is included here. These products are extruded (combining meat and cereal) have a higher moisture content (20-40%) and are usually packaged in plastic or foil sachets.
Pet Care	Wet Dog Food	These products have a moisture content of 60-85% and are generally (though not always) preserved by heat treatment. They are packaged in steel or aluminium cans, rigid or flexible plastic or semi-rigid aluminium trays. This is the aggregation of premium, mid-priced and economy wet dog food.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Store-Based Retailing	Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Grocery Retailers	Retailers selling predominantly food/beverages/tobacco and other everyday groceries. This is the aggregation of hypermarkets, supermarkets, discounters, convenience stores, independent small grocers, forecourt retailers, food/drink/tobacco specialists and other grocery retailers.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Convenience Stores	Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Discounters	Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Forecourt Retailers	Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (readymade sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Hypermarkets	Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Supermarkets	Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Food/drink/tobacco specialists	Retail outlets specialising in the sale of mainly one category of food, drinks store and tobacconists. Includes bakers (bread and flour confectionery), butchers (meat and meat products), fishmongers (fish and seafood), greengrocers (fruit and vegetables), drinks stores (alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks), tobacconists (tobacco products and smokers’ accessories), cheesemongers, chocolatiers and other single food categories. Alcoholic drinks stores are retail outlets with a primary focus on selling beer/wine/spirits/other alcoholic beverages. Example brands include: Threshers, Gall & Gall, Liquorland, Watson’s Wine Cellar
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Independent Small Grocers	Retail outlets selling a wide range of predominantly grocery products. These outlets are usually not chained and if chained will have fewer than 10 retail outlets. Mainly family owned, often referred to as Mom and Pop stores.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Other Grocery Retailers	Other retailers selling predominantly food, beverages and tobacco or a combination of these. Includes kiosks, markets selling predominantly groceries. Includes CTNs and health food stores, Food & drink souvenir stores and regional speciality stores. Direct home delivery, eg of milk, meat from farm/dairy is excluded. Sari-Sari stores in Philippines and Warung (Waroon) in Indonesia, that can either be markets or kiosks, are included in Other grocery retailers unless they occupy a separate permanent outlet building, in which case they are included in Independent small grocers. Outlets located within wet markets, particularly in South East Asia (often located in government-owned multi-story buildings) should be counted as separate outlets. Wine sales from Vineyards are included here.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Non-Grocery Specialists	Retail outlets selling predominantly non-grocery consumer goods. Non-grocery retailers is the aggregation of: • Apparel and footwear specialist retailers • Electronics and appliance specialist retailers • Health & beauty specialist retailers • Home and garden specialist retailers • Leisure and personal goods specialist retailers • Other non-grocery retailers
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Drugstores/parapharmacies	Retail outlets selling mainly OTC healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, disposable paper products, household care products and other general merchandise. Such outlets may also offer prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist. Drugstores in Spain (Droguerias) also sell household cleaning agents, paint, DIY products and sometimes pet products and services such as photo processing. Example brands include Rossmann (Germany), Kruidvat (Netherlands), Walgreen’s (US), CVS (US), Medicine Shoppe (US), Matsumoto Kiyoshi (Japan), HAC Kimisawa (Japan).
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Mixed Retailers	This is the aggregation of department stores, variety stores, mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Department Stores	Outlets selling mainly non-grocery merchandise and at least five lines in different departments, usually with a sales area of over 2,500 sq metres. They are usually arranged over several floors. Example brands include Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Marks & Spencer, Harrods, Sears, JC Penney, Takashimaya, Mitsukoshi, Daimaru, Karstadt, Rinascente.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Mass Merchandisers	Mixed retail outlets that usually: (1) convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover outlet selling a variety of merchandise for less than conventional prices; (2) provide centralised check-out service; and (3) provide minimal customer assistance within each department. Example brands include Wal-Mart, Target and Kmart. Excludes hypermarkets and warehouse clubs/cash and carry stores.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Variety Stores	Non-grocery general merchandise outlets usually located on one floor, offering a wide assortment of extensively discounted fast-moving consumer goods on a self-service basis. Normally over 1,500 sq. metres in size, except in the case of dollar stores, these outlets give priority to fast-moving non-grocery items that have long shelf-lives. Includes catalogue showrooms and dollar stores. Example brands include Woolworth (Germany), Upim (Italy).
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Warehouse Clubs	Warehouse Clubs are chained outlets that sell a wide variety of merchandise but do have a strong mix of both grocery and non-grocery products. Customers have to pay an annual membership fee in order to shop. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores and attempt to drive volume sales through aggressive pricing techniques. Warehouse Clubs typically: - exceed 2,500 sq. metres of selling space and are invariably -over 4,000 sq. metres in size; - convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover retailing at less than conventional prices; - provide minimal customer assistance within each department; and - are situated in out-of-town locations. Example brands include: - Costco - Sam’s Club (Wal-Mart) - PriceSmart - Cost-U-Less
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Non-Store Retailing	The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Direct Selling	Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Homeshopping	Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	E-Commerce	Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.
Retail in Alcoholic Drinks	Vending	Vending means automatic retailing. It covers the sale of products and services at an unattended point of sale through a machine operated by introducing coins, bank notes, payment cards, tokens or other means of cashless payment. Coverage includes vending systems installed in public and semi-captive environments only. Hotels, transport networks, recreational centres, shopping centres/malls are included. Factories, offices, hospitals, prisons, schools and other captive environments are excluded.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Store-Based Retailing	Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Grocery Retailers	Retailers selling predominantly food/beverages/tobacco and other everyday groceries. This is the aggregation of hypermarkets, supermarkets, discounters, convenience stores, independent small grocers, forecourt retailers, food/drink/tobacco specialists and other grocery retailers.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Modern Grocery Retailers	Modern grocery retailing is the aggregation of those grocery channels that have emerged alongside the growth of chained retail: Hypermarkets, Supermarkets, Discounters, Forecourt Retailers and Convenience Stores.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Convenience Stores	Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Discounters	Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Forecourt Retailers	Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (ready-made sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Hypermarkets	Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Supermarkets	Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Traditional Grocery Retailers	Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of those channels that are invariably non-chained and are, therefore, owned by families and/or run on an individual basis. Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of three channels: Independent Small Grocers, Food/Drink/Tobacco Specialists and Other Grocery Retailers.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Non-Grocery Specialists	Retail outlets selling predominantly non-grocery consumer goods. Non-grocery retailers is the aggregation of: • Apparel and footwear specialist retailers • Electronics and appliance specialist retailers • Health & beauty specialist retailers • Home and garden specialist retailers • Leisure and personal goods specialist retailers • Other non-grocery retailers
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Apparel and Footwear Specialist Retailers	Outlets specialising in the sale of all types of apparel, footwear and fashion accessories including costume jewellery, belts, handbags, hats, scarves or a combination of these (for example stores selling handbags only are included). This includes those stores that carry a combination of all products for either men or women or children and those that may specialise by either gender, age or product. Example brands include Gap, H&M, Zara, C&A, Miss Selfridge, Foot Locker, Uniglo, Next, Matalan. Brands that offer sports apparel and sports goods are excluded from Apparel and footwear specialist retailers and are included in Sports goods stores.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Electronics and Appliance Specialist Retailers	Retail outlets specialising in the sale of large or small domestic electrical appliances, consumer electronic equipment (including mobile phones), computers or a combination of these. For mobile phone retailers, this excludes revenues derived from telecoms service plans and top-up cards, etc. Example brands include Apple, Best Buy, Euronics, PC World, Darty, But, Media Markt, Yamada Denki, Gome (China).
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Health and Beauty Specialist Retailers	This is the aggregation of chemists/pharmacies, drugstores/parapharmacies, beauty specialist retailers, optical goods stores and other healthcare specialist retailers.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Beauty Specialist Retailers	Beauty specialist retailers are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling fragrances, other cosmetics and toiletries, beauty accessories or a combination of these. Examples of Beauty specialist retailer brands include: Body Shop, Marionnaud, Sephora and Bath and Body Works.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Chemists/Pharmacies	Retail outlets selling prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist and as its core activity (other activities include sales of OTC healthcare and cosmetics and toiletries products).
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Drugstores/parapharmacies	Retail outlets selling mainly OTC healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, disposable paper products, household care products and other general merchandise. Such outlets may also offer prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist. Drugstores in Spain (Droguerias) also sell household cleaning agents, paint, DIY products and sometimes pet products and services such as photo processing. Example brands include Rossmann (Germany), Kruidvat (Netherlands), Walgreen’s (US), CVS (US), Medicine Shoppe (US), Matsumoto Kiyoshi (Japan), HAC Kimisawa (Japan).
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Home and Garden Specialist Retailers	This is the aggregation of homewares and home furnishing stores and home improvement and gardening stores. Business-to-business sales are excluded. Home improvement and gardening stores are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling one or more of the following categories: Home improvement materials and hardware, Paints, coatings and wall coverings, Kitchen and bathroom, fixtures and fittings, Gardening equipment, House/Garden plants. Home improvement and gardening stores includes Home improvement centres / DIY stores, Hardware stores (Ironmongers), Garden centres, Kitchen and bathroom showrooms, Tile specialists, Flooring specialists. Homewares and Home Furnishing stores are retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Homewares and Home Furnishing Stores	Retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Other Non-Grocery Specialists	Other non-grocery retailers are chained or independent retail outlets, kiosks, market stalls or street vendors and with a primary focus on selling non-food merchandise. Other non-grocery retailers include Charity shops, Second-hand shops and Market stalls.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Outdoor Markets	Includes bazaars, kiosks, street vendors and beach vendors.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Mixed Retailers	This is the aggregation of department stores, variety stores, mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Department Stores	Outlets selling mainly non-grocery merchandise and at least five lines in different departments, usually with a sales area of over 2,500 sq metres. They are usually arranged over several floors. Example brands include Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Marks & Spencer, Harrods, Sears, JC Penney, Takashimaya, Mitsukoshi, Daimaru, Karstadt, Rinascente.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Mass Merchandisers	Mixed retail outlets that usually: (1) convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover outlet selling a variety of merchandise for less than conventional prices; (2) provide centralised check-out service; and (3) provide minimal customer assistance within each department. Example brands include Wal-Mart, Target and Kmart. Excludes hypermarkets and warehouse clubs/cash and carry stores.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Variety Stores	Non-grocery general merchandise outlets usually located on one floor, offering a wide assortment of extensively discounted fast-moving consumer goods on a self-service basis. Normally over 1,500 sq. metres in size, except in the case of dollar stores, these outlets give priority to fast-moving non-grocery items that have long shelf-lives. Includes catalogue showrooms and dollar stores. Example brands include Woolworth (Germany), Upim (Italy).
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Warehouse Clubs	Warehouse Clubs are chained outlets that sell a wide variety of merchandise but do have a strong mix of both grocery and non-grocery products. Customers have to pay an annual membership fee in order to shop. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores and attempt to drive volume sales through aggressive pricing techniques. Warehouse Clubs typically: - exceed 2,500 sq. metres of selling space and are invariably -over 4,000 sq. metres in size; - convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover retailing at less than conventional prices; - provide minimal customer assistance within each department; and - are situated in out-of-town locations. Example brands include: - Costco - Sam’s Club (Wal-Mart) - PriceSmart - Cost-U-Less
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Non-Store Retailing	The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Direct Selling	Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Homeshopping	Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	E-Commerce	Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Vending	Vending means automatic retailing. It covers the sale of products and services at an unattended point of sale through a machine operated by introducing coins, bank notes, payment cards, tokens or other means of cashless payment. Coverage includes vending systems installed in public and semi-captive environments only. Hotels, transport networks, recreational centres, shopping centres/malls are included. Factories, offices, hospitals, prisons, schools and other captive environments are excluded.
Retail in Beauty and Personal Care	Hair Salons	Hair salons This includes hair dressing salons as well as barbers. Included are only hair care products sold to the consumer at the hairdresser. Products used by hairdressers (‘back bar sales’) in the salon are excluded.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Store-Based Retailing	Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Convenience Stores	Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Discounters	Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Forecourt Retailers	Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (ready made sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Hypermarkets	Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Supermarkets	Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Independent Small Grocers	Retail outlets selling a wide range of predominantly grocery products. These outlets are usually not chained and if chained will have fewer than 10 retail outlets. Mainly family owned, often referred to as Mom and Pop stores.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Other Grocery Retailers	Other retailers selling predominantly food, beverages and tobacco or a combination of these. Includes kiosks, markets selling predominantly groceries. Includes CTNs and health food stores, Food & drink souvenir stores and regional speciality stores. Direct home delivery, e.g. of milk, meat from farm/dairy is excluded. Sari-Sari stores in Philippines and Warung (Waroon) in Indonesia, that can either be markets or kiosks, are included in Other grocery retailers unless they occupy a separate permanent outlet building, in which case they are included in Independent small grocers. Outlets located within wet markets, particularly in South East Asia (often located in government-owned multi-story buildings) should be counted as separate outlets. Wine sales from Vineyards are included here.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Non-Store Retailing	The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Vending	Vending means automatic retailing. It covers the sale of products and services at an unattended point of sale through a machine operated by introducing coins, bank notes, payment cards, tokens or other means of cashless payment. Coverage includes vending systems installed in public and semi-captive environments only. Hotels, transport networks, recreational centres, shopping centres/malls are included. Factories, offices, hospitals, prisons, schools and other captive environments are excluded.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Homeshopping	Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.
Retail in Health and Wellness	E-Commerce	Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.
Retail in Health and Wellness	Direct Selling	Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).
Retail in Pet Care	Store-Based Retailing	Store-based retailing is the aggregation of grocery retailers and non-grocery specialists and mixed retailers.
Retail in Pet Care	Grocery Retailers	Retailers selling predominantly food/beverages/tobacco and other everyday groceries. This is the aggregation of hypermarkets, supermarkets, discounters, convenience stores, independent small grocers, forecourt retailers, food/drink/tobacco specialists and other grocery retailers.
Retail in Pet Care	Modern Grocery Retailers	Modern grocery retailing is the aggregation of those grocery channels that have emerged alongside the growth of chained retail: Hypermarkets, Supermarkets, Discounters, Forecourt Retailers and Convenience Stores.
Retail in Pet Care	Convenience Stores	Chained grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries and fitting several of the following characteristics: Extended opening hours •Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres •Located in residential neighbourhoods •Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), foodservice (prepared take-away, made-to-order, and hot foods), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include 7-Eleven, Spar.
Retail in Pet Care	Discounters	Discounters are retail outlets typically with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Retailers' primary focus is on selling private label products within a limited range of food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries at budget prices. Discounters may also sell a selection of non-groceries, frequently as short-term special offers. Discounters can be classified as hard discounters and soft discounters. Hard discounter: first introduced by Aldi in Germany, and also known as limited-line discounters. Retail outlets, typically of 300-900 square metres, stocking fewer than 1,000 product lines, largely in packaged groceries. Goods are mainly private-label or budget brands. Soft discounter: usually slightly larger than hard discounters, and also known as extended-range discounters. Retail outlets typically stocking 1,000-4,000 product lines. As well as private-label and budget brands, stores commonly carry leading brands at discounted prices. Discounters excludes mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs. Example brands include Aldi, Lidl, Plus, Penny, Netto.
Retail in Pet Care	Forecourt Retailers	Grocery retail outlets selling a wide range of groceries from a gas station forecourt and fitting several of the following characteristics: • Extended opening hours • Selling area of less than 400 sq. metres • Handling two or more of the following product categories: audio-visual goods (for sale or rent), take-away food (ready made sandwiches, rolls or hot food), newspapers or magazines, cut flowers or pot plants, greetings cards, automotive accessories. Example brands include BP Connect, Shell Select. Forecourt retailers includes both chained forecourt retailers and independent forecourt retailers.
Retail in Pet Care	Hypermarkets	Hypermarkets are retail outlets with a selling space of over 2,500 square metres and with a primary focus on selling food/beverages/tobacco and other groceries. Hypermarkets also sell a range of non-grocery merchandise. Hypermarkets are frequently located on out-of-town sites or as the anchor store in a shopping centre. Example brands include Carrefour, Tesco Extra, Géant, E Leclerc, Intermarché, Auchan. Excludes cash and carry, warehouse clubs and mass merchandisers.
Retail in Pet Care	Supermarkets	Retail outlets selling groceries with a selling space of between 400 and 2,500 square metres. Excludes discounters, convenience stores and independent grocery stores. Example brands include Champion, Tesco, Casino.
Retail in Pet Care	Traditional Grocery Retailers	Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of those channels that are invariably non-chained and are, therefore, owned by families and/or run on an individual basis. Traditional grocery retailing is the aggregation of three channels: Independent Small Grocers, Food/Drink/Tobacco Specialists and Other Grocery Retailers.
Retail in Pet Care	Mixed Retailers	This is the aggregation of department stores, variety stores, mass merchandisers and warehouse clubs.
Retail in Pet Care	Department Stores	Outlets selling mainly non-grocery merchandise and at least five lines in different departments, usually with a sales area of over 2,500 sq. metres. They are usually arranged over several floors. Example brands include Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Marks & Spencer, Harrods, Sears, JC Penney, Takashimaya, Mitsukoshi, Daimaru, Karstadt, Rinascente.
Retail in Pet Care	Mass Merchandisers	Mixed retail outlets that usually: (1) convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover outlet selling a variety of merchandise for less than conventional prices; (2) provide centralised check-out service; and (3) provide minimal customer assistance within each department. Example brands include Wal-Mart, Target and Kmart. Excludes hypermarkets and warehouse clubs/cash and carry stores.
Retail in Pet Care	Variety Stores	Non-grocery general merchandise outlets usually located on one floor, offering a wide assortment of extensively discounted fast-moving consumer goods on a self-service basis. Normally over 1,500 sq. metres in size, except in the case of dollar stores, these outlets give priority to fast-moving non-grocery items that have long shelf-lives. Includes catalogue showrooms and dollar stores. Example brands include Woolworth (Germany), Upim (Italy).
Retail in Pet Care	Warehouse Clubs	Warehouse Clubs are chained outlets that sell a wide variety of merchandise, but do have a strong mix of both grocery and non-grocery products. Customers have to pay an annual membership fee in order to shop. The clubs are able to keep prices low due to the no-frills format of the stores and attempt to drive volume sales through aggressive pricing techniques. Warehouse Clubs typically: - exceed 2,500 sq. metres of selling space and are invariably -over 4,000 sq. metres in size; - convey the image of a high-volume, fast-turnover retailing at less than conventional prices; - provide minimal customer assistance within each department; and - are situated in out-of-town locations. Example brands include: - Costco - Sam’s Club (Wal-Mart) - PriceSmart - Cost-U-Less
Retail in Pet Care	Non-Grocery Specialists	Retail outlets selling predominantly non-grocery consumer goods. Non-grocery retailers is the aggregation of: • Apparel and footwear specialist retailers • Electronics and appliance specialist retailers • Health & beauty specialist retailers • Home and garden specialist retailers • Leisure and personal goods specialist retailers • Other non-grocery retailers
Retail in Pet Care	Pet superstores	Specialist outlets selling pet food, pet care and pets, sometimes also diversifying into on-site clinics, grooming services etc. These outlets are typically located in shopping parks or out-of-town sites. Superstore selling area will usually be in excess of 10,000 square feet. They tend to sell a very extensive product range, from premium to economy with an emphasis on products in bulk. Examples include PetSmart, PetCo, Fressnapf, Pets At Home, Jumper, Zoomart, Cool Baby, Cobasi, etc.
Retail in Pet Care	Pet shops	Specialist outlets selling pet food, pet care and pets. These outlets are usually located on the high street. Can be chained or independent. Sell mostly premium and premium products.
Retail in Pet Care	Health and Beauty Specialist Retailers	This is the aggregation of chemists/pharmacies, drugstores/parapharmacies, beauty specialist retailers, optical goods stores and other healthcare specialist retailers.
Retail in Pet Care	Beauty Specialist Retailers	Beauty specialist retailers are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling fragrances, other cosmetics and toiletries, beauty accessories or a combination of these. Examples of Beauty specialist retailer brands include: Body Shop, Marionnaud, Sephora and Bath and Body Works.
Retail in Pet Care	Chemists/Pharmacies	Retail outlets selling prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist and as its core activity (other activities include sales of OTC healthcare and cosmetics and toiletries products).
Retail in Pet Care	Drugstores/parapharmacies	Retail outlets selling mainly OTC healthcare, cosmetics and toiletries, disposable paper products, household care products and other general merchandise. Such outlets may also offer prescription-bound medicines under the supervision of a pharmacist. Drugstores in Spain (Droguerias) also sell household cleaning agents, paint, DIY products and sometimes pet products and services such as photo processing. Example brands include Rossmann (Germany), Kruidvat (Netherlands), Walgreen’s (US), CVS (US), Medicine Shoppe (US), Matsumoto Kiyoshi (Japan), HAC Kimisawa (Japan).
Retail in Pet Care	Home and Garden Specialist Retailers	This is the aggregation of homewares and home furnishing stores and home improvement and gardening stores. Business-to-business sales are excluded. Home improvement and gardening stores are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling one or more of the following categories: Home improvement materials and hardware, Paints, coatings and wall coverings, Kitchen and bathroom, fixtures and fittings, Gardening equipment, House/Garden plants. Home improvement and gardening stores includes Home improvement centres / DIY stores, Hardware stores (Ironmongers), Garden centres, Kitchen and bathroom showrooms, Tile specialists, Flooring specialists. Homewares and Home Furnishing stores are retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.
Retail in Pet Care	Home Improvement and Gardening Stores	Home improvement and gardening stores are chained or independent retail outlets with a primary focus on selling one or more of the following categories: Home improvement materials and hardware, Paints, coatings and wall coverings, Kitchen and bathroom, fixtures and fittings, Gardening equipment, House/Garden plants. Home improvement and gardening stores includes Home improvement centres / DIY stores, Hardware stores (Ironmongers), Garden centres, Kitchen and bathroom showrooms, Tile specialists, Flooring specialists.
Retail in Pet Care	Homewares and Home Furnishing Stores	Retail outlets specialising in the sale of home furniture and furnishings, homewares, floor coverings, soft furnishings, lighting etc.
Retail in Pet Care	Non-Store Retailing	The retail sale of new and used goods to the general public for personal or household consumption from locations other than retail outlets or market stalls. Non-store retailing is the aggregation of Vending, Direct Selling, Homeshopping and Internet Retailing.
Retail in Pet Care	Direct Selling	Direct selling is the marketing of consumer goods directly to consumers, generally in their homes or the homes of others, at their workplace and other places away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling occurs in two primary ways: one-to-one basis (usually by prior arrangement a demonstration is given by a direct seller to a customer) or party-plan basis (selling through explanation and demonstration of products to a group of prospective customers by a direct seller usually in the home of a host(ess) who invites other persons for this purpose).
Retail in Pet Care	Homeshopping	Homeshopping is the sale of consumer goods to the general public via mail order catalogues, TV shopping and direct mail. Consumers purchase goods in direct response to an advertisement or promotion through a mail item, printed catalogue, TV shopping programme, or Internet catalogue whereby the order is placed, and payment is made by phone, by post or through other media such as digital TV. Excludes sales on returned products/unpaid invoices. Excludes sales ordered and paid online which are instead included within Internet retailing.
Retail in Pet Care	E-Commerce	Sales of consumer goods to the general public via the Internet. Please note that this includes sales through mobile phones and tablets. Internet retailing includes sales generated through pure e-commerce web sites and through sites operated by store-based retailers. Sales data is attributed to the country where the consumer is based, rather than where the retailer is based. Also includes orders placed through the web for which payment is then made through a storecard, an online credit account subsequent to delivery or on delivery of the product. This payment may be by any mode of payment including postal cheque, direct debit, standing order or other banking tools. Includes orders paid for cash on delivery. Includes m-commerce: where consumers use smart phones or tablets to connect to Internet and purchase the goods online.
Retail in Pet Care	Veterinary clinics	Establishments where owners take their pets for medical treatment given by qualified practitioners (single or group practice). Vets/clinics may or may not sell pet food depending on national legislation or personal choice. Almost always sell premium products only.

Acronyms Used & Key Notes

Acronym	Full form	Definition
RSP	Retail selling price	Sales at end price to the consumer, including retailer and wholesaler mark-ups and sales tax (except in the US and Canada) and excise taxes
Y-O-Y	Year on year	Annual changes in data
CAGR	Compound annual growth rate	Annual average growth, expressed in percentage terms, for either the historic or forecast period
FCAGR	Forecast compound annual growth rate	Annual average growth, expressed in percentage terms, for either the forecast period
HCAGR	Historic compound annual growth rate	Annual average growth, expressed in percentage terms, for either the historic period
LBN	Local Brand name	Local Brand Name (LBN) is the term used to refer to a brand's name at a country level – this may or may not extend to variant level depending on the level of detail available from the research source
BFY	Better for you	Products where the amount of a substance considered to be less healthy (eg fat, sugar, salt, carbohydrates) has been actively reduced during production. To qualify for inclusion in this category, the “less healthy” element of the foodstuff needs to have been actively removed or substituted during the processing. This should also form a key part of the positioning/marketing of the product. Products which are naturally fat/sugar/carbohydrate -free are not included as nothing out of the ordinary has been done during their production to make them “better for you”. “No added sugar” claims are excluded too. Products most likely to be included here will be those which are low-fat/low-sugar versions of standard products (eg reduced fat mayonnaise, reduced fat cheese, reduced fat milk, reduced sugar confectionery, etc).
FF	Fortified/Functional	This category includes fortified/functional food and beverages. When identifying fortified/functional products, we focus on products to which health ingredients or/and nutrients have been added as well as brands that are positioned to deliver a certain functionality. To be included here the enhancement has to be highlighted in the label or hold a health claim/nutritional claim. Fortified/functional food and beverages provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value and/or the level of added ingredients wouldn’t normally be found in that product. To merit inclusion in this category, the defining criterion here is that the product must have been actively fortified/enhanced during production. As such, inherently healthy products such as 100% fruit/vegetable juices are only included under "fortified/functional" if additional health ingredients (e.g. calcium, omega-3) have been added. To be included, the health benefit needs to form part of positioning/marketing of the product.
NH	Naturally Healthy	This category includes food and beverages on the basis of naturally containing a substance that improves health and wellbeing beyond the product’s pure calorific value. These products are usually a healthier alternative within a certain sector/subsector. High fibre food (wholegrain/wholemeal/brown), soy products, sour milk drinks, nuts, seeds and trail mixes, honey, fruit and nut bars and olive oil are considered NH foods and 100% fruit/vegetable juice, superfruit juice, natural mineral water, spring water, RTD green tea etc. are considerd NH beverages. While many of these products are marketed on a health basis, this might not always be the case. Naturally healthy food and beverages that are additionally fortified fall into the 'fortified/functional' category.
HW	Health and wellness	Health and wellness is the aggregation of organic food and beverages, fortified/functional food and beverages, naturally healthy food and beverages, better for you food and beverages and food intolerance products.
Notes
Note 1	Forecasts for many passport industries are based on statistical macro and industry demand modelling combined with intuitive local market observations that leverage the expertise of our global analyst network. Euromonitor reviews and re-evaluates all its core subject markets every year. This involves reconsidering both historic and forecast data sets.
Note 2	To arrive at the value market sizes (USD) for different industries and their respective categories and sub-categories, we have considered "Historic - Current/Forecast - Constant prices and fixed exchange rate "

Disclaimer

This database attempts to compile data from numerous sources. Users should be aware that because different sources are used, there could be errors or omissions. The user accepts that the information is only intended to be an initial reference. The user understands that there is no assurance that this reference material is error free, and that no one involved in compiling or distributing this reference material shall be liable for any damages arising out of its use. Commercially important information should be rechecked and verified with knowledgeable parties in the country of interest.

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